![]() ![]() How the signal propagation takes place is still not known in detail since multiple sensor histidine kinase genes in most filamentous fungi are coded in the genome, whereas only one gene for Ypd1p exists. Moreover, this review proposes that studies of stress related genes will advance the security of cotton yield and production under a changing climate and that these genes should be incorporated in the development of cotton tolerant to salt, drought, and fungal wilt diseases (Verticillium and Fusarium).ĭifferent external stimuli are perceived by multiple sensor histidine kinases and transmitted by phosphorylation via the phosphotransfer protein Ypd1p in the multistep phosphorelay system of the high osmolarity glycerol signaling pathway of filamentous fungi. In this review, we mainly summarize recent progress concerning several resistance-related genes of cotton plants in response to abiotic (salt and drought) and biotic (Fusarium and Verticillium wilt) stresses and classify them according to their molecular functions to better understand the genetic network. Recent progresses in molecular genetics have delivered new insights into the regulatory network system of plant genes, which generally includes defense of cell membranes and proteins, signaling cascades and transcriptional control, and ion uptake and transport and their relevant biochemical pathways and signal factors. Plants have evolved complex mechanisms to respond and acclimate to adverse stress conditions at both physiological and molecular levels. Since cotton crops are central contributors to total worldwide fiber production, and also important for oilseed crops, it is essential to improve stress tolerant cultivars to secure future sustainable crop production under adverse environments. These cause severe growth interruption and yield loss of cotton. However, salinity, drought, and wilt diseases (e.g., Fusarium and Verticillium) are considered the most destructive environmental stresses to cotton plants. ![]() In environmental conditions, crop plants are extremely affected by multiple abiotic stresses including salinity, drought, heat, and cold, as well as several biotic stresses such as pests and pathogens. These findings help us understand the regulatory network of MAPKs under environmental stress and provide another strategy to improve stress resistance in crops to ensure food security. We also highlight the diverse function of MAPK cascades in environmental stress. In this review, we describe recent major studies investigating MAPK-mediated environmental stress responses. MAPK cascades are involved in responses to these environmental stresses by regulating the expression of related genes, plant hormone production and crosstalk with other environmental stresses. As important signaling modules in eukaryotes, plant mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play a key role in regulating responses to the following four major environmental stresses: high salinity, drought, extreme temperature and insect and pathogen infections. Stress signal sensing is a crucial step that determines the appropriate response which, ultimately, determines the survival of plants. Due to global warming and population growth, plants need to rescue themselves, especially in unfavorable environments, to fulfill food requirements because they are sessile organisms. ![]()
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